Some tips on 1235865-77-6

1235865-77-6 2-((1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)oxy)-4-(4-((4′-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzoic acid 66713100, apiperazines compound, is more and more widely used in various fields.

With the rapid development and complex challenges of chemical substances, new drug synthesis pathways are usually the most effective.1235865-77-6,2-((1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)oxy)-4-(4-((4′-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzoic acid,as a common compound, the synthetic route is as follows.

(0413) To a solution of Compound 3J (90 mg), Compound 130C (64.2 mg), triethylamine (0.077 ml), N,N-dimethylpyridin-4-amine (38.5 mg) in a mixture of dichloromethane (5 ml) and N,N-dimethylformamide (0.5 ml) was added N1-((ethylimino)methylene)-N3,N3-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine, hydrochloric acid (60.4 mg) and the mixture was stirred 18 hours. This was concentrated on high vacuum and the crude was purified by reverse phase chromatography with ammonium acetate buffer/acetonitrile. 1H NMR (500 MHz, pyridine-d5) delta 13.03 (s, 1H), 9.27 (d, 1H), 8.59 (d, 1H), 8.43 (d, 1H), 8.37 (dd, 1H), 8.11 (d, 1H), 7.65-7.67 (m, 2H), 7.44 (d, 2H), 7.07 (d, 2H), 6.88 (d, 1H), 6.76 (dd, 1H), 6.54 (d, 1H), 6.48 (m, 1H), 4.06 (m, 1H), 3.98 (d, 2H), 3.35 (t, 2H), 3.07 (m, 4H), 2.73-2.80 (m, 4H), 2.68-2.72 (m, 1H), 2.36 (q, 1H), 2.11-2.30 (m, 9H), 1.97 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.71 (m, 3H), 1.48-1.58 (m, 2H), 1.39 (t, 2H), 0.94 (s, 6H)., 1235865-77-6

1235865-77-6 2-((1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)oxy)-4-(4-((4′-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzoic acid 66713100, apiperazines compound, is more and more widely used in various fields.

Reference:
Patent; AbbVie Inc.; Catron, Nathaniel; Lindley, David; Miller, Jonathan M.; Schmitt, Eric A.; Tong, Ping; US10213433; (2019); B2;,
Piperazine – Wikipedia
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Analyzing the synthesis route of 892242-64-7

As the paragraph descriping shows that 892242-64-7 is playing an increasingly important role.

With the rapid development and complex challenges of chemical substances, new drug synthesis pathways are usually the most effective.892242-64-7,4-((3-(4-Cyclohexylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-oxo-6H-anthra[1,9-cd]isoxazol-5-yl)amino)benzoic acid,as a common compound, the synthetic route is as follows.,892242-64-7

In a flask, Intermediate 6, Pd/C and hydrazine were mixed and heated for about 4 hours. Reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and filtered, and then it was redissolved in TFA/DMAc and active charcoal, and then filtered through celite. NaHCO3 was added to neutralize the mixture and the solid was collected by filtration. Compound 12 was purified and dried. It gave about 99% (HPLC, area %) purity. Mass spectra gave [M+1]=525.5. 1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6), ppm (delta): 12.36 (1H, s), 8.27 (2H, d), 7.95 (2H, d), 7.85 (2H, t), 7.42 (2H, d), 7.25 (1H, s), 2.96 (4H, m), 2.74 (4H, m), 2.27 (2H, m), 1.57-1.80 (6H, m), 1.06-1.23 (5H, m).

As the paragraph descriping shows that 892242-64-7 is playing an increasingly important role.

Reference:
Patent; VM Oncology LLC; Wu, Jay Jie-Qiang; US2015/218132; (2015); A1;,
Piperazine – Wikipedia
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Simple exploration of 892242-64-7

The synthetic route of 892242-64-7 has been constantly updated, and we look forward to future research findings.

892242-64-7, 4-((3-(4-Cyclohexylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-oxo-6H-anthra[1,9-cd]isoxazol-5-yl)amino)benzoic acid is a piperazines compound, ?involved in a variety of chemical synthesis. Rlated chemical reaction is continuously updated

892242-64-7, About 21kg of 4-((3-(4-cyclohexylpiperazin-l-yl)-6-oxo-6H-anthra[l,9- cd]isoxazol-5-yl)amino)benzoic acid was slurred in 625L of 0.4 M NaOH in MeOH and purified water (4: 1) solution under about 40-45C for about 2-4 hours. Then slowly cooled the reaction to room temperature and stirred for another 2-4 hours. After confirmed the reaction completion by HPLC, the solid was centrifuged and washed with about 57L of MTBE. The wet cake was re- suspended in about 245L of 0.1M NaOH in MeOH/H20 solution under room temperature. The wet cake was centrifuged and washed with about 56L of MTBE again. The filtered solid was re- suspended in about 250L of MTBE under room temperature for about 1-2 hours. The solid was separated and dried at 25-30C under reduced pressure for 12-24 hours to obtain the final product with purity more than 99.9% (HPLC) and about 90% yield. Mass spectra give [M+l] = 523.2. 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6, see Figure 1), ppm (delta): 11.79 (IH, s), 8.48 (IH, d), 8.20 (IH, d), 7.93 (2H, d), 7.84 (IH, t), 7.72 (IH, t), 7.35 (2H, d), 6.39 (IH, s), 3.85 (4H, m), 2.72- 2.70 (4H, m), 2.28-2.265 (IH, m), 1.72-1.78 (4H, m), 1.55-1.58 (IH, m), 1.08-1.23 (5H, m). Sodium content: 3.8%. The Raman spectrum is shown in Figure 4, and the XRPD data is given in Table 1 below and Figure 2, IR spectra is given in Figure 5 and DSC spectra is given in Figure 3. These data confirm the stable crystalline polymorphic form (Form A) of the compound of Formula I.

The synthetic route of 892242-64-7 has been constantly updated, and we look forward to future research findings.

Reference£º
Patent; PURDUE PHARMA L.P.; WU, Jay Jie-Qiang; WANG, Ling; (31 pag.)WO2017/27465; (2017); A1;,
Piperazine – Wikipedia
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

New learning discoveries about 1235865-77-6

As the paragraph descriping shows that 1235865-77-6 is playing an increasingly important role.

With the rapid development and complex challenges of chemical substances, new drug synthesis pathways are usually the most effective.1235865-77-6,2-((1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)oxy)-4-(4-((4′-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzoic acid,as a common compound, the synthetic route is as follows.

Compound 22 (0.10 g, 0.18 mmol), Compound 16 (0.055 g, 0.18 mmol), 1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC, 0.052 g, 0.27 mmol)And 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP, 0.044 mg,0.36 mmol) was added to a solution of dichloromethane (20 ml) and stirred at room temperature for 10 h. The reaction was quenched with water (10 mL). Dry over anhydrous sodium sulfate, remove the solvent, The concentrate was subjected to column separation (eluent: ethyl acetate/methanol (v/v) = 30:1), Obtained 50 mg of a yellow solid, The yield was 33%., 1235865-77-6

As the paragraph descriping shows that 1235865-77-6 is playing an increasingly important role.

Reference£º
Patent; Shenzhen Tajirui Bio-pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; Wang Yihan; Liu Zhiqiang; (35 pag.)CN108658983; (2018); A;,
Piperazine – Wikipedia
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Simple exploration of 1235865-77-6

1235865-77-6 2-((1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)oxy)-4-(4-((4′-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzoic acid 66713100, apiperazines compound, is more and more widely used in various fields.

1235865-77-6, 2-((1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)oxy)-4-(4-((4′-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzoic acid is a piperazines compound, ?involved in a variety of chemical synthesis. Rlated chemical reaction is continuously updated

To a solution of 2-(lH-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yloxy)-4-(4-((2-(4- chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethylcyclohex- 1 -enyl)methyl)piperazin- 1 -yl)benzoic acid( 16g,28mmol) and 3-nitro-4-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methylamino)benzenesulfonamide(8.83g, 28mmol) in DCM(300mL) was added EDCI(10.74g, 56mmol) and DMAP(6.85g, 56mmol). The mixture was stirred at r.t. overnight. LC/MS showed the expected product as a single peak. The mixture was diluted with DCM(500ml) and washed with aq. NaHC03, water, brine and dried over Na2S04. The residue after evaporation of solvent was dissolved in DCM and loaded on a column and eluted with 30% ethyl acetate in DCM followed by 1 to 2% MeOH in DCM to give 24.5g pure product(95% purity) which was dissolved in DMSO and MeOH(l :l) and TFA(2eq) and loaded on a 330g C18 column (6g a time)to give 13.5g pure(>99.7% purity) product(55%yield). The API was extracted using dichloromethane and then, the solvent was removed using rotary evaporator. The resulting solid was suspended in acetonitrile at ambient temperatures to reach its solubility. After equilibrating, the solids were isolated at ambient temperature., 1235865-77-6

1235865-77-6 2-((1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)oxy)-4-(4-((4′-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzoic acid 66713100, apiperazines compound, is more and more widely used in various fields.

Reference£º
Patent; ABBOTT LABORATORIES; CATRON, Nathaniel D.; CHEN, Shuang; GONG, Yuchuan; ZHANG, Geoff G.; WO2012/71336; (2012); A1;,
Piperazine – Wikipedia
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Some tips on 1235865-77-6

1235865-77-6, 1235865-77-6 2-((1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)oxy)-4-(4-((4′-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzoic acid 66713100, apiperazines compound, is more and more widely used in various fields.

With the rapid development and complex challenges of chemical substances, new drug synthesis pathways are usually the most effective.1235865-77-6,2-((1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)oxy)-4-(4-((4′-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzoic acid,as a common compound, the synthetic route is as follows.

(1035) A mixture of Compound 337J (3.0 g), Compound 337M (1.98 g), N,N-dimethylpyridin-4-amine (1.93 g) and N-((ethylimino)methylene)-N3,N3-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine hydrochloride (1.31 g) in dichloromethane (50 ml) was stirred overnight and concentrated. The residue was purified by reverse chromatography, eluted with 40%-70% acetonitrile in 0.1% TFA water. The desired fractions were concentrated to remove acetonitrile, neutralized with NaHCO3 and extracted with dichloromethane. The organic layer was dried over Na2SO4, concentrated and dried to provide the title compound. 1H NMR (400 MHz, dimethylsulfoxide-d6) delta 11.68 (s, 1 H), 8.52-8.58 (m, 2 H), 8.04 (d, 1 H), 7.79 (dd, 1 H), 7.53 (d, 1 H), 7.47-7.52 (m, 2 H), 7.30-7.37 (m, 2 H), 7.07 (d, 1 H), 7.01-7.06 (m, 2 H), 6.68 (dd, 1 H), 6.39 (dd, 1 H), 6.19 (d, 1 H), 4.25 (s, 1 H), 3.25-3.32 (m, 4 H), 3.07 (s, 4 H), 2.75 (s, 2 H), 2.09-2.24 (m, 6 H), 1.95 (s, 2 H), 1.50-1.73 (m, 5 H), 1.28-1.43 (m, 4 H), 1.06-1.18 (m, 5 H), 0.92 (s, 6 H).

1235865-77-6, 1235865-77-6 2-((1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)oxy)-4-(4-((4′-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzoic acid 66713100, apiperazines compound, is more and more widely used in various fields.

Reference£º
Patent; AbbVie Inc.; Catron, Nathaniel; Lindley, David; Miller, Jonathan M.; Schmitt, Eric A.; Tong, Ping; US10213433; (2019); B2;,
Piperazine – Wikipedia
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

New learning discoveries about 2-((1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)oxy)-4-(4-((4′-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzoic acid

1235865-77-6, As the paragraph descriping shows that 1235865-77-6 is playing an increasingly important role.

With the rapid development and complex challenges of chemical substances, new drug synthesis pathways are usually the most effective.1235865-77-6,2-((1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)oxy)-4-(4-((4′-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzoic acid,as a common compound, the synthetic route is as follows.

260mg 2-((1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)oxy)-4-(4-((4′-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzoic acid was dissolved in 10ml of dichloromethane were added 110mg DMAP, 140mg EDCI and 130mg 2A; reacted at room temperature for 12 hours, respectively, after the reaction with 1M citric acid and washed twice with brine, the organic phase was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and rotary evaporation, purified by silica gel column chromatography to give a yellow solid 180mg, yield 47.4% ;

1235865-77-6, As the paragraph descriping shows that 1235865-77-6 is playing an increasingly important role.

Reference£º
Patent; Shandong University; Fang Hao; Li Xiaoxian; Yang Xinying; Liang Tao; Liu Renshuai; Zhou Yi; (16 pag.)CN110054625; (2019); A;,
Piperazine – Wikipedia
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

New learning discoveries about 2-((1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)oxy)-4-(4-((4′-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzoic acid

1235865-77-6, As the paragraph descriping shows that 1235865-77-6 is playing an increasingly important role.

With the rapid development and complex challenges of chemical substances, new drug synthesis pathways are usually the most effective.1235865-77-6,2-((1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)oxy)-4-(4-((4′-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzoic acid,as a common compound, the synthetic route is as follows.

(0122) To a mixture of Compound 3J (59.8 mg, 0.105 mmol), Compound 11B (33 mg, 0.105 mmol) and N,N-dimethylpyridin-4-amine (38.4 mg, 0.314 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 ml) was added 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-carbodiimide hydrochloride (24.07 mg, 0.13 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and concentrated. The residue was purified by reverse phase HPLC on a C18 column using a gradient of 40-60% acetonitrile/0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in water to give the title compound as the trifluoroacetate salt. The trifluoroacetic acid salt was dissolved in dichloromethane (6 ml) and washed with 50% aqueous NaHCO3. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na2SO4 and concentrated to give the title compound. 1H NMR (500 MHz, dimethylsulfoxide-d6) delta 11.68 (s, 1 H), 11.40 (s, br, 1 H), 8.53-8.58 (m, 2 H), 8.04 (d, 1 H), 7.80 (dd, 1 H), 7.47-7.54 (m, 3 H), 7.34 (d, 2 H), 7.02-7.09 (m, 3 H), 6.67 (dd, 1 H), 6.39 (dd, 1 H), 6.19 (d, 1 H), 3.79 (dd, 1 H), 3.69-3.73 (m, 1 H), 3.22-3.37 (m, 3 H), 3.16-3.21 (m, 1 H), 3.07 (s, 4 H), 2.74 (s, 2 H), 2.09-2.24 (m, 6 H), 1.95 (s, 2 H), 1.86-1.93 (m, 1 H), 1.79-1.85 (m, 1 H), 1.58-1.64 (m, 1 H), 1.42-1.51 (m, 1 H), 1.38 (t, 2 H), 1.25-1.34 (m, 1 H), 0.92 (s, 6 H).

1235865-77-6, As the paragraph descriping shows that 1235865-77-6 is playing an increasingly important role.

Reference£º
Patent; AbbVie Inc.; Catron, Nathaniel; Lindley, David; Miller, Jonathan M.; Schmitt, Eric A.; Tong, Ping; US10213433; (2019); B2;,
Piperazine – Wikipedia
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Analyzing the synthesis route of 2-((1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)oxy)-4-(4-((4′-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzoic acid

1235865-77-6, The synthetic route of 1235865-77-6 has been constantly updated, and we look forward to future research findings.

With the rapid development and complex challenges of chemical substances, new drug synthesis pathways are usually the most effective.1235865-77-6,2-((1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)oxy)-4-(4-((4′-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzoic acid,as a common compound, the synthetic route is as follows.

The sulfonamide (compound 3, 158.9 g), DMAP (123.7 g), EDCI (126.5 g) and dichloromethane (3678 mL) were combined at 25C (reactor I). In a second reactor (reactor II), the benzoic acid derivative (compound 2, 340.0 g), Et3N (140 mL) and dichloromethane (2936 mL) were combined and stirred for 15 minutes. The resulting acid solution (reactor II) was slowly added to the suspension of the sulfonamide (reactor I) within 120 minutes and reaction mixture agitated until reaction completion. After 22 hours the reaction mixture was washed with 10% acetic acid solution twice (2×2056 mL). The lower organic layer was diluted with more dichloromethane (882 mL) and methanol (146 mL), before separation of the organic layer. After phase separation the organic layer was washed with 5% aq. NaHCO3 (2059 mL) and then with 5% NaCl solution (2059 mL) at room temperature. The lower organic layer was separated and the concentrated to dryness, resulting a yellow solid. Dichloromethane (2014 mL) and methanol (206 mL) were added, the suspension was heated to 38C under stirring. Ethyl acetate (1840 mL) was added slowly within 40 minutes to the yellow solution. Heating was turned off and the suspension was cooled to 0-5 C and stirred at 5C overnight. The filtrated product was washed with Ethyl acetate (735 ml) and dried under vacuum (100 mbar) at 50C overnight to yield Venetoclax as yellow solid (273.6 g; 62.5 %, HPLC purity 95.36 A%).

1235865-77-6, The synthetic route of 1235865-77-6 has been constantly updated, and we look forward to future research findings.

Reference£º
Patent; ASSIA CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES LTD.; TEVA PHARMACEUTICALS USA, INC.; POTARINE JUHASZ, Zsuzsa; STRUBA, Szabolcs; NEMETHNE RACZ, Csilla; TOTH, Zoltan Gabor; SZILAGYI, Andrea; KERTI-FERENCZI, Renata; MOLNAR, Sandor Janos; PASZTOR-DEBRECZENI, Nora; HAJKO, Janos; (100 pag.)WO2017/156398; (2017); A1;,
Piperazine – Wikipedia
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Simple exploration of 2-((1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)oxy)-4-(4-((4′-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzoic acid

1235865-77-6 2-((1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)oxy)-4-(4-((4′-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzoic acid 66713100, apiperazines compound, is more and more widely used in various fields.

1235865-77-6, 2-((1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)oxy)-4-(4-((4′-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzoic acid is a piperazines compound, ?involved in a variety of chemical synthesis. Rlated chemical reaction is continuously updated

General procedure: 2-(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yloxy)-4-(4-((2-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzoic acid (5) was synthesized by the method reported. [Nat Med. 2013, 19(2): 202-8] To a solution of compound 5 (100 mg, 0.175 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane, compound 4g (68 mg, 0.175 mmol), EDCI (167 mg, 0.875 mmol) and DMAP (25.6 mg, 0.21 mmol) were added. Afterwards, the mixture solution was stirred for 24 h at room temperature. Completion of the reaction was confirmed by TCL. The reaction mixture was washed with HCl (1 M), NaHCO3 saturated solution and brine, concentrated and purified to afford 6g (160 mg, 85% yield) as a yellow solid., 1235865-77-6

1235865-77-6 2-((1H-Pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)oxy)-4-(4-((4′-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzoic acid 66713100, apiperazines compound, is more and more widely used in various fields.

Reference£º
Article; Zhou, Ruolan; Fang, Shaoyu; Zhang, Minmin; Zhang, Qingsen; Hu, Jian; Wang, Mingping; Wang, Chongqing; Zhu, Ju; Shen, Aijun; Chen, Xin; Zheng, Canhui; Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters; vol. 29; 3; (2019); p. 349 – 352;,
Piperazine – Wikipedia
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics