Heterocyclic Building Blocks-piperazine

The effects of acute treatment with tandospirone, diazepam, and placebo on driving performance and cognitive function in healthy volunteers was written by Takahashi, Masahiro;Iwamoto, Kunihiro;Kawamura, Yukiko;Nakamura, Yukako;Ishihara, Ryoko;Uchiyama, Yuji;Ebe, Kazutoshi;Noda, Akiko;Noda, Yukihiro;Yoshida, Keizo;Iidaka, Tetsuya;Ozaki, Norio. And the article was included in Human Psychopharmacology in 2010.Category: piperazines This article mentions the following:

Objective: To assess the effects of two anxiolytics, diazepam and tandospirone, on driving performance from methodol. viewpoints taking frequent rear-end collisions into account. Methods: In this double-blinded, three-way crossover trial, 18 healthy males received acute doses of 20 mg tandospirone (TSP), 5 mg diazepam (DZP), and placebo (PCB). The subjects were administered three driving tasks-road tracking, car following, and harsha braking-performed using a driving simulator and three cognitive tasks-Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Continuous Performance Test, and N-back test-at baseline and at 1 and 4 h post-dosing. The Stanford Sleepiness Scale scores were also assessed. Results: DZP nonsignificantly increased the percent change of brake reaction time (BRT) as compared to PCB at 4 h post-dosing. TSP nonsignificantly decreased the percent change of BRT as compared to PCB. Consequently, there was a significant difference in the percent change of BRT between DZP and TSP at 4 h post-dosing. For the remaining tasks, no statistically significant effects of treatment were observed Conclusions: Acute doses of DZP significantly impaired the harsh-braking performance as compared to acute doses of TSP. These findings suggest that TSP may be used more safely in patients’ driving activities. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, rel-(3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-2-(4-(4-(Pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate (cas: 112457-95-1Category: piperazines).

rel-(3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-2-(4-(4-(Pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate (cas: 112457-95-1) belongs to piperazine derivatives. Piperazine belongs to the family of medicines called anthelmintics. Although many piperazine derivatives occur naturally, piperazine itself can be synthesized by reacting alcoholic ammonia with 1,2-dichloroethane, by the action of sodium and ethylene glycol on ethylene diamine hydrochloride, or by reduction of pyrazine with sodium in ethanol.Category: piperazines

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Palbociclib negatively regulates fatty acid synthesis due to upregulation of AMPKα and miR-33a levels to increase apoptosis in Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cells was written by Rencuzogullari, Ozge;Yerlikaya, Pinar Obakan;Guerkan, Ajda Coker;Arisan, Elif Damla;Telci, Dilek. And the article was included in Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry in 2022.Name: 6-Acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-((5-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one This article mentions the following:

Fatty acids (FAs) synthesis mechanism has various regulators such as fatty acid synthase (FASN), AMP-regulated protein kinase (AMPK), or mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which are aberrantly dysregulated in various pancreatic cancer cells. In this study, we aim to understand the regulatory role of palbociclib, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, on the cellular energy metabolism through regulation of AMPK/mTOR signaling by modulation of intracellular miR-33a levels in Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2 cells. Palbociclib downregulated FAs metabolism more effectively in MiaPaCa-2 cells than Panc-1 cells. Moreover, palbociclib treatment increased the levels of miR-33a in each cell line albeit a higher increase was evident in MiaPaCa-2 cells. Stress-mediated activation of mTOR signaling axis was found associated with palbociclib-mediated AMPKα activation and miR33a upregulation. These findings provided that a deeper understanding about possible interactions of cell cycle activity and reduction of FAs synthesis may facilitate the enhancement of cell death mechanisms in pancreatic cancer cells. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 6-Acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-((5-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one (cas: 571190-30-2Name: 6-Acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-((5-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one).

6-Acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-((5-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one (cas: 571190-30-2) belongs to piperazine derivatives. Piperazine was first introduced as an anthelmintic in 1953. Piperazine compounds mediate their anthelmintic action by generally paralyzing parasites, allowing the host body to easily remove or expel the invading organism. Piperazine and its salts did not induce point mutations in a bacterial test. A series of mutagenicity studies in cells, both in vitro and in vivo, has been completed and showed no evidence of mutagenic effect.Name: 6-Acetyl-8-cyclopentyl-5-methyl-2-((5-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridin-2-yl)amino)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Carbendazim shapes microbiome and enhances resistome in the earthworm gut was written by Song, Jiajin;Li, Tongxin;Zheng, Zhiruo;Fu, Wenjie;Long, Zhengnan;Shi, Nan;Han, Yuling;Zhang, Luqing;Yu, Yunlong;Fang, Hua. And the article was included in Microbiome in 2022.COA of Formula: C43H58N4O12 This article mentions the following:

It is worrisome that several pollutants can enhance the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the environment, including agricultural fungicides. As an important bioindicator for environmental risk assessment, earthworm is still a neglected focus that the effects of the fungicide carbendazim (CBD) residues on the gut microbiome and resistome are largely unknown. In this study, Eisenia fetida was selected to investigate the effects of CBD in the soil-earthworm systems using shotgun metagenomics and qPCR methods. CBD could significantly perturb bacterial community and enrich specific bacteria mainly belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria. More importantly, CBD could serve as a co-selective agent to elevate the abundance and diversity of ARGs, particularly for some specific types (e.g., multidrug, glycopeptide, tetracycline, and rifamycin resistance genes) in the earthworm gut. Addnl., host tracking anal. suggested that ARGs were mainly carried in some genera of the phyla Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria. Meanwhile, the level of ARGs was pos. relevant to the abundance of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and some representative co-occurrence patterns of ARGs and MGEs (e.g., cmx-transposase and sul1-integrase) were further found on the metagenome-assembled contigs in the CBD treatments. It can be concluded that the enhancement effect of CBD on the resistome in the earthworm gut may be attributed to its stress on the gut microbiome and facilitation on the ARGs dissemination mediated by MGEs, which may provide a novel insight into the neglected ecotoxicol. risk of the widely used agrochems. on the gut resistome of earthworm dwelling in soil. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 8-(n-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)formidoyl)-rifomycins (cas: 13292-46-1COA of Formula: C43H58N4O12).

8-(n-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)formidoyl)-rifomycins (cas: 13292-46-1) belongs to piperazine derivatives. A form in which piperazine is commonly available industrially is as the hexahydrate, C4H10N2. 6H2O, which melts at 44 °C and boils at 125–130 °C. Outside the body, piperazine has a remarkable power to dissolve uric acid and producing a soluble urate, but in clinical experience it has not proved equally successful. COA of Formula: C43H58N4O12

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Comparative dissolution of commercially available hydroxyzine hydrochloride tablets was written by Noory, Carol;Wolyniak, Cecilia;Ogger, Kathryn E.;Shah, Vinod P.. And the article was included in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy in 1992.Synthetic Route of C21H29Cl3N2O2 This article mentions the following:

A comparative dissolution study was conducted on com. available hydroxyzine-HCl tablets using USP Apparatus 2 (Paddle Method) at 50 rpm and two dissolution media: water and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) and the USP recommended method employing the disintegration apparatus The dissolution characteristics of 22 samples of hydroxyzine-HCl tablets representing four dosage levels and seven manufacturers were profiled. The study illustrated that the Modified Disintegration apparatus is not able to distinguish slow dissolving formulations from fast dissolving formulation and, consequently, does not provide assurance of bioequivalence and does not perform as an adequate manufacturing control to insure lot to lot uniformity. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-(4-((4-Chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethoxy)ethanol dihydrochloride (cas: 2192-20-3Synthetic Route of C21H29Cl3N2O2).

2-(2-(4-((4-Chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethoxy)ethanol dihydrochloride (cas: 2192-20-3) belongs to piperazine derivatives. Industrial applications of piperazine include the manufacture of plastics, resins, pesticides and brake fluids. Piperazine is formed as a co-product in the ammoniation of 1,2-dichloroethane or ethanolamine. These are the only routes to the chemical used commercially.Synthetic Route of C21H29Cl3N2O2

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Triphenylamine-based pH chemosensor: Synthesis, crystal structure, photophysical properties and computational studies was written by Gu, Dan;Yang, Guochun;He, Yi;Qi, Bin;Wang, Guang;Su, Zhongmin. And the article was included in Synthetic Metals in 2009.Category: piperazines This article mentions the following:

A triphenylamine-containing pH chemosensor, N,N’-di[3-(diphenylamine)benzyl]-piperazine, was designed and synthesized with Ullmann reaction. The compound crystallize in the monoclinic space group P2₁/n: a = 9.8004(12) Å, b = 13.3321(17) Å, c = 12.9575(16) Å, β = 103.510(2)°, Z = 2 and ρ = 1.212 Mg/m³. The synthesized compound excited by UV light produce intensive emission and a quantum yield of 0.56 relative to quinine sulfate was achieved. The fluorescence intensity of synthesized compound in water/DMF (4:1, volume/volume) under excitation of 307 nm decreased with the decrease of pH, exptl. and computational studies further confirmed that the protonation of N-triphenylamine leads to the fluorescence quenching. The results clearly indicate the potential of synthesized compound as highly efficient on-off switcher for protons. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Piperazine Dihydrochloride (cas: 142-64-3Category: piperazines).

Piperazine Dihydrochloride (cas: 142-64-3) belongs to piperazine derivatives. Piperazine causes primary dermal irritation and skin burns at high concentrations. Piperazine also causes eye irritation in humans. Piperazine is formed as a co-product in the ammoniation of 1,2-dichloroethane or ethanolamine. These are the only routes to the chemical used commercially.Category: piperazines

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

URMC-099 facilitates amyloid-β clearance in a murine model of Alzheimer’s disease was written by Kiyota, Tomomi;Machhi, Jatin;Lu, Yaman;Dyavarshetty, Bhagyalaxmi;Nemati, Maryam;Zhang, Gang;Mosley, R. Lee;Gelbard, Harris A.;Gendelman, Howard E.. And the article was included in Journal of Neuroinflammation in 2018.Category: piperazines This article mentions the following:

Background: The mixed lineage kinase type 3 inhibitor URMC-099 facilitates amyloid-beta (Aβ) clearance and degradation in cultured murine microglia. One putative mechanism is an effect of URMC-099 on Aβ uptake and degradation As URMC-099 promotes endolysosomal protein trafficking and reduces Aβ microglial pro-inflammatory activities, we assessed whether these responses affect Aβ pathobiogenesis. To this end, URMC-099’s therapeutic potential, in Aβ precursor protein/presenilin-1 (APP/PS1) double-transgenic mice, was investigated in this model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods: Four-month-old APP/PS1 mice were administered i.p. URMC-099 injections at 10 mg/kg daily for 3 wk. Brain tissues were examined by biochem., mol. and immunohistochem. tests. Results: URMC-099 inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinase 3/4-mediated activation and attenuated β- amyloidosis. Microglial nitric oxide synthase-2 and arginase-1 were co-localized with lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (Lamp1) and Aβ. Importatly, URMC-099 restored synaptic integrity and hippocampal neurogenesis in APP/PS1 mice. Conclusions: URMC-099 facilitates Aβ clearance in the brain of APP/PS1 mice. The multifaceted immune modulatory and neuroprotective roles of URMC-099 make it an attractive candidate for ameliorating the course of AD. This is buttressed by removal of pathol. Aβ species and restoration of the brain’s microenvironment during disease. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-(1H-Indol-5-yl)-5-(4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (cas: 1229582-33-5Category: piperazines).

3-(1H-Indol-5-yl)-5-(4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (cas: 1229582-33-5) belongs to piperazine derivatives. Piperazine causes primary dermal irritation and skin burns at high concentrations. Piperazine also causes eye irritation in humans. Intermediate for a wide range of pharmaceuticals, polymers, dyes, corrosion inhibitors, rubber accelerators and surfactants.Category: piperazines

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Clinical evaluation of the efficacy and safety of tandospirone versus sertraline monotherapy for social anxiety disorder: a randomized open-label trial was written by Huang, Xiao;Li, Chao;Li, Wei-hui;Luo, Yan-li;Wang, Biao;Zhang, Wei;Gan, Jian-jun;Ji, Jian-lin. And the article was included in Human Psychopharmacology in 2013.Safety of rel-(3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-2-(4-(4-(Pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate This article mentions the following:

Objective : Although selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are now established as first-line pharmacotherapy for social anxiety disorder (SAD), other agents with different mechanisms have shown promise in treating SAD. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy and safety of tandospirone in treating adolescents with SAD. Methods : Adolescent patients meeting the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria for SAD were randomly assigned (1:1) to open-label treatment with either tandospirone or sertraline for 8 wk. The primary outcome measures were changes from baseline in the Hamilton Anxiety (HAM-A) scale and response using the Clin. Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I) scale. Results : The adjusted mean change in HAM-A scores from baseline was indicating a significant improvement over baseline in both treatment arms (p < 0.0001). The mean CGI-I scale score at week was with no significant difference between the two arms (p = 0.42). Rates of response were 48.6% for tandospirone and 55.6% for sertraline using the CGI-I. Response rates were 37.1% for tandospirone and 41.7% for sertraline using a HAM-A response criterion (≥50% reduction). The adjusted mean change in Social Phobia Inventory scores from baseline was indicating a significant improvement over baseline in both treatment arms (p < 0.0001). Conclusions : Tandospirone is safe and effective and appears non-inferior to sertraline for SAD in youths. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, rel-(3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-2-(4-(4-(Pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate (cas: 112457-95-1Safety of rel-(3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-2-(4-(4-(Pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate).

rel-(3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-2-(4-(4-(Pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate (cas: 112457-95-1) belongs to piperazine derivatives. Piperazine is a fairly basic compound and is an amine solvent. Piperazine is formed as a co-product in the ammoniation of 1,2-dichloroethane or ethanolamine. These are the only routes to the chemical used commercially.Safety of rel-(3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-2-(4-(4-(Pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived sensory neurons for fate commitment of bone marrow stromal cell-derived schwann cells was written by Cai, Sa;Shum, Daisy K. Y.;Chan, Ying-Shing. And the article was included in Methods in Molecular Biology (New York, NY, United States) in 2018.SDS of cas: 1062368-24-4 This article mentions the following:

Here we describe the in vitro derivation of sensory neurons for use in effecting fate commitment of Schwann cell-like cells derived from human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs). We adopt a novel combination of small mols. in an 8-day program that induces the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells into sensory neurons. In co-cultures, the derived sensory neurons present contact-dependent cues to direct hBMSC-derived Schwann cell-like cells toward the Schwann cell fate. These derived human Schwann cells survive passaging and cryopreservation, retain marker expression despite withdrawal of glia-inducing medium and neuronal cues, demonstrate capacity for myelination, and therefore promise application in autologous transplantation and re-myelination therapy. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-(6-(4-(Piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl)quinoline (cas: 1062368-24-4SDS of cas: 1062368-24-4).

4-(6-(4-(Piperazin-1-yl)phenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl)quinoline (cas: 1062368-24-4) belongs to piperazine derivatives. Piperazine is a fairly basic compound and is an amine solvent. Intermediate for a wide range of pharmaceuticals, polymers, dyes, corrosion inhibitors, rubber accelerators and surfactants.SDS of cas: 1062368-24-4

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Experimental studies on pharmacological protection of the brain against focal ischemia. 2. Effects of KB-2796 and nicardipine on focal brain ischemia in rats was written by Shiino, Akihiko. And the article was included in Archiv fuer Japanische Chirurgie in 1989.SDS of cas: 101477-54-7 This article mentions the following:

It has been proposed that calcium overload triggers neuronal cell damage in the acute stage of cerebral ischemia. In this study, the effects of calcium antagonists, KB-2796 and nicardipine, on neurol. deficits and size of the infarction were studied in the rat middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion model. Neurol. deficits were evaluated from 1 to 24 h after occlusion of the MCA, using the grading system of Bederson et al., 1986. At 24 h post-occlusion, the brain was removed, sliced coronally, and stained with triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Size of the infarction was measured by computerized image anal. system. KB-2796 (10 mg/kg) or nicardipine (1 mg/kg) was i.p. administered immediately after occlusion of the MCA. In the KB-2796-treated group, the neurol. deficits were much improved and the size of infarction was significantly smaller, but in the nicardipine-treated group improvement was modest and did not reach the level of statistical significance. The neurol. improvement was observed in the group where KB-2796 was given at 3 h postocclusion but the size of infarction was unchanged. The results indicate that the calcium antagonists could improve focal cerebral ischemia when administered in early stage of ischemia, and that such effect is more significant with KB-2796 probably because of its higher selectivity to the cerebral vessels. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-(Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)-4-(2,3,4-trimethoxybenzyl)piperazine dihydrochloride (cas: 101477-54-7SDS of cas: 101477-54-7).

1-(Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)-4-(2,3,4-trimethoxybenzyl)piperazine dihydrochloride (cas: 101477-54-7) belongs to piperazine derivatives. A form in which piperazine is commonly available industrially is as the hexahydrate, C4H10N2. 6H2O, which melts at 44 °C and boils at 125–130 °C. Piperazine and its salts did not induce point mutations in a bacterial test. A series of mutagenicity studies in cells, both in vitro and in vivo, has been completed and showed no evidence of mutagenic effect.SDS of cas: 101477-54-7

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Continuous Wound Infiltration With Ropivacaine After Mastectomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial was written by Beguinot, Marie;Monrigal, Emilie;Kwiatkowski, Fabrice;Ginzac, Angeline;Joly, Dominique;Gayraud, Guillaume;Le Bouedec, Guillaume;Gimbergues, Pierre. And the article was included in Journal of Surgical Research in 2020.Related Products of 68-88-2 This article mentions the following:

To evaluate the efficacy of continuous wound infiltration with ropivacaine to reduce acute postoperative pain in patients undergoing mastectomy for carcinoma of the breast.A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted. One hundred fifty patients were randomly assigned to receive continuous ropivacaine (0.2%) (group A, n = 74) or saline solution (0.9%) (group B, n = 76) at 10 mL/h for 48 h through a multilumen catheter placed during the surgical procedure. Postoperative morphine consumption and visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores were recorded. A quality of life score (Quality of life questionnaire Core 30) and a VAS score were obtained at 1, 3, and 6 mo after surgery.The difference in mean morphine consumption between the two groups was close to significance during the first 48 h postsurgery (P = 0.056; 10.8 ± 16.5 vs. 4.8 ± 10.4 mg). At day 1, patients in the ropivacaine-infusion group had lower morphine consumption than the control group (P = 0.0026). The link between local ropivacaine infiltration and a decrease in mean postoperative VAS scores reached significance for the first 24 h postsurgery (P = 0.039). No significant difference was found between the two arms for VAS pain scores (P = 0.36) or for quality of life (overall QLQ-C30 score, P = 0.09) at 1, 3, or 6 mo.Continuous wound infiltration with ropivacaine is efficacious in reducing postoperative pain. Quality of life and chronic pain at 1, 3, and 6 mo were not improved by ropivacaine wound infiltration. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-(4-((4-Chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethoxy)ethanol (cas: 68-88-2Related Products of 68-88-2).

2-(2-(4-((4-Chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethoxy)ethanol (cas: 68-88-2) belongs to piperazine derivatives. A form in which piperazine is commonly available industrially is as the hexahydrate, C4H10N2. 6H2O, which melts at 44 °C and boils at 125–130 °C. Piperazine is formed as a co-product in the ammoniation of 1,2-dichloroethane or ethanolamine. These are the only routes to the chemical used commercially.Related Products of 68-88-2

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics