Category: piperazines

Green methodologies in organic synthesis: microwave-assisted study on carbostyril derivatives under phase transfer catalysis was written by Kollapudi, Chandra Babu;Gutta, Madhusudhan;Reguri, Buchi Reddy. And the article was included in Heterocyclic Letters in 2015.Reference of 129722-25-4 This article mentions the following:

In this paper few carbostyril derivatives were synthesized by microwave method as well as by green chem. method. By applying the green synthesis method, not only avoided the use of DDQ and benzyl halide which is hazardous but also the formation of by products. The quaternary ammonium salts (PTC) under microwave conditions towards Aripiprazole (carbostyril derivative) act as a reagent and gave dehydrogenated and benzylated carbostyril from 3,4-dihydro carbostyril derivatives In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 7-(4-(4-(2,3-Dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)quinolin-2(1H)-one (cas: 129722-25-4Reference of 129722-25-4).

7-(4-(4-(2,3-Dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)quinolin-2(1H)-one (cas: 129722-25-4) belongs to piperazine derivatives. Piperazine is a fairly basic compound and is an amine solvent. Two common salts in the form of which piperazine is usually prepared for pharmaceutical or veterinary purposes are the citrate, 3C4H10N2.2C6H8O7 (i.e. containing 3 molecules of piperazine to 2 molecules of citric acid), and the adipate, C4H10N2.C6H10O4 (containing 1 molecule each of piperazine and adipic acid).Reference of 129722-25-4

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the seawater around a typical subtropical tourist city of China and associated ecological risk was written by Chen, Hongzhe;Chen, Wenfeng;Guo, Huige;Lin, Hui;Zhang, Yuanbiao. And the article was included in Environmental Science and Pollution Research in 2021.Formula: C20H17F2N3O3 This article mentions the following:

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the sea area surrounding a densely populated tourist city in southeastern China were investigated. In total, 32 PPCP pollutants classified into 23 categories were detected. Different spatial distribution patterns of PPCPs indicated possible contamination from runoff and multiple local sources. The labile-to-conservative ratios of PPCPs showed the influence of untreated domestic sewage. In addition, increased concentrations of ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and erythromycin around aquaculture farms imply that aquaculture cannot be neglected as a source. The concentrations of oxytetracycline, ranitidine, ciprofloxacin, miconazole, and sulfamethizole were higher in the wet season than those in the dry season, and the difference in pharmaceutical consumption was suspected to be the main driving factor of this seasonal variation. The risk quotients calculated with the maximum concentrations of miconazole, triclosan, dehydronifedipine, and triclocarban exceeded 0.1, indicating potential moderate or high risks. Antibacterial agents in daily chems. and azole broad-spectrum antifungals were associated with the highest risks in this study; this might be another significant pollution characteristic in the sea area around this subtropical tourist city. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 6-Fluoro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (cas: 98105-99-8Formula: C20H17F2N3O3).

6-Fluoro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (cas: 98105-99-8) belongs to piperazine derivatives. The piperazine scaffold is often found in biologically active compounds in different therapeutic areas. These therapeutic areas include antifungals, antidepressants, antivirals, and serotonin receptor (5-HT) antagonists/agonists. Piperazines are very broad chemical group, covering a wide range of drugs from antidepressants to antihistamines. The connecting property of all these chemicals is the presence of a piperazine functional group.Formula: C20H17F2N3O3

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

The synthesis of piperazine-containing carbazole derivate and its sensing performance to proton was written by He, Yi;Li, Yan-mei. And the article was included in Fenzi Kexue Xuebao in 2011.Formula: C4H12Cl2N2 This article mentions the following:

A novel piperazine-containing carbazole derivative, N,N’-di[3-(N-carbazole)benzyl]-piperazine (DC-Pip) I, was designed and prepared The absorption and fluorescence maxima of DC-Pip were observed at 300 and 405 nm, resp. DC-Pip emits strong blue fluorescence and has a high quantum yield (桅_F = 0.94) in solution, which indicates that DC-Pip can be used as fluorescence emitting materials. The effect of pH on the fluorescence characteristics of DC-Pip in H₂O/DMF (4:1, V/V) solution has also been investigated, the intensity of fluorescence decreases with the decrease of pH value, these results shows that DC-Pip offers potential as optical sensor for protons. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Piperazine Dihydrochloride (cas: 142-64-3Formula: C4H12Cl2N2).

Piperazine Dihydrochloride (cas: 142-64-3) belongs to piperazine derivatives. Piperazine is a fairly basic compound and is an amine solvent. Piperazines are very broad chemical group, covering a wide range of drugs from antidepressants to antihistamines. The connecting property of all these chemicals is the presence of a piperazine functional group.Formula: C4H12Cl2N2

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Photocatalysis as a tool for in vitro drug metabolism simulation: multivariate comparison of twelve metal oxides on a set of twenty model drugs was written by Gawlik, Maciej;Trawinski, Jakub;Skibinski, Robert. And the article was included in Catalysts in 2020.Synthetic Route of C23H32N6O4S This article mentions the following:

The constant development in the area of medicinal substances on the market and their subsequent progress in the field of drug anal. has become one of the reasons for the search for alternative, cheaper, and faster methods to determine the metabolism pathways of new mol. entities (NMEs). The simulation of transformation processes using photocatalysis is considered to be one of the promising methods. Although its effectiveness has been proven, the research has so far focused especially on titanium dioxide, while a more accurate comparison of the suitability of different photocatalysts in terms of their use in drug metabolism studies has not been performed. For this purpose, a set of twelve metal oxides was prepared and their photocatalytic efficiency in the direction of drug metabolism mimicking was checked on a model mixture of twenty medicinal substances differing both in chem. structure and pharmacol. properties. Incubation with human liver microsomes (HLMs) was used as the reference method. The metabolic profiles obtained with the use of LC-MS anal. were compared using multidimensional chemometric techniques; and the graphic presentation of the results in the form of PCA plot and cluster dendrogram enabled their detailed interpretation and discussion. All tested photocatalysts confirmed their effectiveness. However, the exact outcome of the study indicate advantage of the WO3-assisted photocatalysis over other metal oxides. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 2-(2-Ethoxy-5-((4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl)phenyl)-5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one (cas: 224785-90-4Synthetic Route of C23H32N6O4S).

2-(2-Ethoxy-5-((4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl)phenyl)-5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(3H)-one (cas: 224785-90-4) belongs to piperazine derivatives. Piperazine was first introduced as an anthelmintic in 1953. Piperazine compounds mediate their anthelmintic action by generally paralyzing parasites, allowing the host body to easily remove or expel the invading organism. Intermediate for a wide range of pharmaceuticals, polymers, dyes, corrosion inhibitors, rubber accelerators and surfactants.Synthetic Route of C23H32N6O4S

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Effects of tandospirone citrate and oxazolam on pharmacokinetics of valproic acid following oral administration of sodium valproate to rats was written by Hobara, Norio;Kameya, Hiromasa;Hokama, Nobuo;Ohshiro, Susumu;Hobara, Narumi;Sakanashi, Matao. And the article was included in Iryo Yakugaku in 2007.Quality Control of rel-(3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-2-(4-(4-(Pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate This article mentions the following:

The drug interactions between tandospirone citrate, a non-benzodiazepine antianxiety drug, and oxazolam, a minor benzodiazepine tranquilizer and antianxiety agent, and valproic acid (VPA), an anti-convulsant, were studied in rats. When tandospirone citrate or citric acid was administered orally immediately following oral administration (p.o.) of sodium valproate (VPA-Na), the plasma VPA levels were significantly lower than those in the control. In addition, pharmacokinetic parameters such as plasma VPA concentration and area under the plasma concentration-time curve up to 3 h (AUC) were significantly decreased. However, when tandospirone citrate was administered i.p., or both it and oxazolam were administered orally with VPA-Na, the VPA pharmacokinetic parameters were unchanged. These results suggest that decreases in plasma VPA concentrations (including those for AUC) may be due to a reduction in VPA-Na adsorption from the intestinal tract due to tandospirone citrate. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, rel-(3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-2-(4-(4-(Pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate (cas: 112457-95-1Quality Control of rel-(3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-2-(4-(4-(Pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate).

rel-(3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-2-(4-(4-(Pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate (cas: 112457-95-1) belongs to piperazine derivatives. Industrial applications of piperazine include the manufacture of plastics, resins, pesticides and brake fluids. Intermediate for a wide range of pharmaceuticals, polymers, dyes, corrosion inhibitors, rubber accelerators and surfactants.Quality Control of rel-(3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-2-(4-(4-(Pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

A miRNA Panel Predicts Sensitivity of FGFR Inhibitor in Lung Cancer Cell Lines was written by Ren, Shengxiang;Rivard, Christopher J.;Yu, Hui;Genova, Carlo;Rozenboom, Leslie;Gao, Dexiang;Hinz, Trista K.;Rikke, Brad A.;Wynes, Murry W.;Caldwell, Charles;Agustoni, Francesco;Kenichi suda;Jiang, Tao;Zhou, Caicun;Heasley, Lynn E.;Hirsch, Fred R.. And the article was included in Clinical Lung Cancer in 2018.Related Products of 1035270-39-3 This article mentions the following:

To test whether a microRNA (miRNA) panel may serve as an alternative biomarker of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor sensitivity in lung cancer.Histol. diverse lung cancer cell lines were submitted to assays for ponatinib and AZD4547 sensitivity. miRNAs, FGFR1 mRNA, gene copy number, and protein expression were detected by real-time quant. PCR, fluorescence in-situ hybridization, and immunoblotting in 34 lung cancer cell lines.Among 34 cell lines, 14 exhibited ponatinib sensitivity and 20 exhibited AZD4547 sensitivity (drug concentration causing 50% inhibition values < 100 nmol/L). A total of 39 of the 377-miRNA set were initially identified from the 4 paired ponatinib-sensitive or -insensitive cell lines to have at least an 8-fold differential expression and then were detected in all the 34 cell lines. The miRNA panel performed similar to FGFR1 protein expression (AUC = 0.864) and mRNA expression (AUC = 0.939), and better than FGFR1 amplification (AUC = 0.696). Furthermore, we validated this panel using data for sensitivity to AZD4547 in the cell line cohort with an AUC of 0.931 and a sensitivity of 73.3% and specificity of 76.2%, resp.The developed miRNA panel (let-7c, miRNA155, and miRNA218) may be useful in predicting response to FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, either ponatinib or AZD4547 in lung cancer cell lines, and warrants further validation in the clin. setting. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, rel-N-(5-(3,5-Dimethoxyphenethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-4-((3R,5S)-3,5-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)benzamide (cas: 1035270-39-3Related Products of 1035270-39-3).

rel-N-(5-(3,5-Dimethoxyphenethyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-4-((3R,5S)-3,5-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)benzamide (cas: 1035270-39-3) belongs to piperazine derivatives. Piperazine causes primary dermal irritation and skin burns at high concentrations. Piperazine also causes eye irritation in humans. Although many piperazine derivatives occur naturally, piperazine itself can be synthesized by reacting alcoholic ammonia with 1,2-dichloroethane, by the action of sodium and ethylene glycol on ethylene diamine hydrochloride, or by reduction of pyrazine with sodium in ethanol.Related Products of 1035270-39-3

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Aripiprazole-Montmorillonite: A New Organic-Inorganic Nanohybrid Material for Biomedical Applications was written by Oh, Yeon-Ji;Choi, Goeun;Choy, Young Bin;Park, Je Won;Park, Jung Hyun;Lee, Hwa Jeong;Yoon, Yeo Joon;Chang, Hee Chul;Choy, Jin-Ho. And the article was included in Chemistry – A European Journal in 2013.Formula: C23H25Cl2N3O2 This article mentions the following:

Poor aqueous solubility and the unpleasant taste of aripiprazole (APZ) have been recurring problems, owing to its low bioavailability and low patient tolerance, resp. Herein, we prepared a nanohybrid system that was based on a bentonite clay material, montmorillonite (MMT), which could both mask the taste and enhance the solubility of APZ (i.e., APZ-MMT). To further improve the efficacy of this taste masking and drug solubility, APZ-MMT was also coated with a cationic polymer, polyvinylacetal diethylamino acetate (AEA). In vitro dissolution tests at neutral pH showed that the amount of drug that was released from the AEA-coated APZ-MMT was greatly suppressed (<1 %) for the first 3 min, thus suggesting that AEA-coated APZ-MMT has strong potential for the taste masking of APZ. Notably, in simulated gastric juice at pH 1.2, the total percentage of APZ that was released within the first 2 h increased up to 95 % for AEA-coated APZ-MMT. Furthermore, this in vitro release profile was also similar to that of Abilify, a com. available medication. In vivo experiments by using Sprague-Dawley rats were also performed to compare the pharmacokinetics of AEA-coated APZ-MMT and Abilify. AEA-coated APZ-MMT exhibited about 20 % higher systemic exposure of APZ and its metabolite, dehydro-APZ, compared with Abilify. Therefore, a new MMT-based nanovehicle, which is coated with a cationic polymer, can act as a promising delivery system for both taste masking and for enhancing the bioavailability of APZ. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 7-(4-(4-(2,3-Dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)quinolin-2(1H)-one (cas: 129722-25-4Formula: C23H25Cl2N3O2).

7-(4-(4-(2,3-Dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butoxy)quinolin-2(1H)-one (cas: 129722-25-4) belongs to piperazine derivatives. Simple N-substituted piperazines have been found in many drug molecules. Intermediate for a wide range of pharmaceuticals, polymers, dyes, corrosion inhibitors, rubber accelerators and surfactants.Formula: C23H25Cl2N3O2

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Microbiological analysis, antimicrobial activity, heavy-metals content and physico-chemical properties of Fijian mud pool samples was written by Pipite, Atanas;Siro, Galana;Subramani, Ramesh;Srinivasan, Sathiyaraj. And the article was included in Science of the Total Environment in 2023.Reference of 85721-33-1 This article mentions the following:

The hot springs are home to a rich bacterial diversity which could be the source of enzymes, antibiotics and many other com. important products. Most of the hot springs present in Fiji are unexplored and their anal. of microbial diversity could be of great interest in facilitating various industrial, agricultural and medicinal applications. This study is an attempt to evaluate the heavy metal concentration and to analyze the comprehensive bacterial diversity of two Fijian thermal mud pools, namely Sabeto and Tifajek. The two hot springs have a pH of 7.28 to 7.19 and a temperature of 32.2 to 38.8掳C, resp. Mean metal concentrations of the studied mud samples ranged from 4.758 to 6.870 mg/kg and followed a decreasing sequence as Fe > Mn > Zn > Na > Ni > Cd > Ca > Cr > Cu. Levels of Fe, Na, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cd, Ca, Cr, Cu in the mud pool samples were within World Health Organization (WHO) limits, while Cd was above regulatory limits. The heavy metals anal. results showed that both mud pools had high values for Cd, above the WHO limit of 3 mg/kg. In addition, 8 strains of actinomycetes were successfully identified for the first time in the Sabeto mud pool, where most of them showed antibacterial activity. The genetic identification of most isolates was determined in BLASTn analyses of their 16S rRNA sequences. Isolates were identified as that of Streptomyces, Nocardia and Rhodococcus genus. Further, AntiSMASH results of the closest relatives of cultured actinobacteria have shown to produce antibiotics, natural pesticides and other compounds of various usage. This study also found no fecal coliforms and supports existing knowledge and practice of using Fijian thermal mud pools for their therapeutic properties. Overall, the presented work indicated that the studied mud pools have therapeutic properties, harboring wealth of bacteria with antibiotic profiles and were risk free from health-related issues of heavy metals and disease-causing pathogens. It provides great insight into the studied mud pools which serves as a baseline from which further heavy metal monitoring or mitigation programs and microbial researches can be conducted. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (cas: 85721-33-1Reference of 85721-33-1).

1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (cas: 85721-33-1) belongs to piperazine derivatives. The piperazine scaffold is often found in biologically active compounds in different therapeutic areas. These therapeutic areas include antifungals, antidepressants, antivirals, and serotonin receptor (5-HT) antagonists/agonists. Two common salts in the form of which piperazine is usually prepared for pharmaceutical or veterinary purposes are the citrate, 3C4H10N2.2C6H8O7 (i.e. containing 3 molecules of piperazine to 2 molecules of citric acid), and the adipate, C4H10N2.C6H10O4 (containing 1 molecule each of piperazine and adipic acid).Reference of 85721-33-1

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Opposite effects of SSRIs and tandospirone in the treatment of REM sleep behavior disorder. was written by Takahashi, Tetsuya;Mitsuya, Hironori;Murata, Tetsuhito;Murayama, Junichi;Wada, Yuji. And the article was included in Sleep medicine in 2008.Computed Properties of C27H37N5O9 This article mentions the following:

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia defined by intermittent loss of electromyographic atonia during REM sleep with emergence of complex and vigorous behaviors. Although the efficacy of several agents for treating RBD has been reported, a rationale for medication has not been established and the exact pathophysiological mechanisms of RBD are uncertain. We encountered a patient with idiopathic RBD that dramatically improved with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and deteriorated with a 5-HT1A partial agonist, tandospirone. We report on the effects of these serotonin-modulating agents, which yield clues to a possible pharmacological approach to RBD. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, rel-(3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-2-(4-(4-(Pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate (cas: 112457-95-1Computed Properties of C27H37N5O9).

rel-(3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-2-(4-(4-(Pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate (cas: 112457-95-1) belongs to piperazine derivatives. Piperazine belongs to the family of medicines called anthelmintics. Although many piperazine derivatives occur naturally, piperazine itself can be synthesized by reacting alcoholic ammonia with 1,2-dichloroethane, by the action of sodium and ethylene glycol on ethylene diamine hydrochloride, or by reduction of pyrazine with sodium in ethanol.Computed Properties of C27H37N5O9

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Novel 1D/3D CeO₂/g-C₃N₄ catalysts for photodegradation of ciprofloxacin under visible light via dimensional regulation and heterostructure construction was written by Zhou, Jie;Zhu, Beibei. And the article was included in Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids in 2022.Name: 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid This article mentions the following:

Dimensional regulation and heterostructure building strategy are the significant means to boost the property of semiconductor photocatalysts. Herein, CeO₂/g-C₃N₄ (CeCN) composites with 1D/3D structure were synthesized by compounding one-dimensional CeO₂ nanorods and three-dimensional porous carbon nitride materials. Diverse characterization methods, BET, XRD, SEM/TEM, FT-IR, XPS and UV-vis DRS, to name a few, were conducted to reveal the surface area, micro shape, crystal structure, surface functional groups and photoconductive properties of the samples. The photocatalytic properties of catalyst were estimated by photodegradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) under visible light irradiation The results suggested that CeO₂ nanorods with 1D structure and g-C₃N₄ with 3D porous structure are successfully composite into 1D/3D composites without any crystal structure and surface functional groups changed. The optimal CeCN25 exhibited brilliant photodegradation performance with 96.3% degradation efficiency within 100 min under visible light irradiation The dimension control strategy made the material form porous structure and increases the adsorption performance of the material, while the heterostructure construction strategy formed a space elec. field with efficient charge separation and transfer, which prolonged charge life. The combination of two strategies was the crucial factor for the eminent catalytic activity of photocatalysts. This work supplies thinking for the directional design and synthesis of composite catalysts with high photocatalytic activity. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (cas: 85721-33-1Name: 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid).

1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid (cas: 85721-33-1) belongs to piperazine derivatives. The piperazine scaffold is often found in biologically active compounds in different therapeutic areas. These therapeutic areas include antifungals, antidepressants, antivirals, and serotonin receptor (5-HT) antagonists/agonists. Piperazine is formed as a co-product in the ammoniation of 1,2-dichloroethane or ethanolamine. These are the only routes to the chemical used commercially.Name: 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics