Hou, Jian-bo et al. published their research in Zhipu Xuebao in 2012 |CAS: 86393-32-0

The Article related to pork drug residue hplc isotope dilution mass spectrometry, Food and Feed Chemistry: Analysis and other aspects.Application of 86393-32-0

On January 31, 2012, Hou, Jian-bo; Xie, Wen; Chen, Xiao-mei; Qian, Yan; Xi, Jun-yang; Wang, Feng; He, Jian-min; Liu, Hai-shan published an article.Application of 86393-32-0 The title of the article was Simultaneous determination of 54 drugs residues in pork by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and isotopes dilution technique. And the article contained the following:

A simultaneous method for the determination of 54 drugs residues (sulfonamides, nitroimidazoles, quinolones, macrolide antibiotics, lincosamides and praziquantel) in pork was developed and validated by high performance liquid chromatog.-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) following solid phase extraction (SPE). The extracts were dissolved and distilled with acetonitrile. After that the supernatant solution was extracted with n-hexane to remove the fat, and then cleaned up with SPE C18 cartridges. The quant. detection was performed on LC-MS/MS by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode under pos. electrospray ionization (ESI+). The one precursor/two product ion transitions were used for each compound Isotopes dilution internal standard method was used to determine the residue contents in pork. The limits of quantification (LOQs) are 1.0 μg/kg (sulfonamides and nitroimidazoles), 2.0 μg/kg (quinolones and lincosamides), 3.0 μg/kg (macrolide antibiotics) and 0.3 μg/kg (praziquantel), resp. Validation parameters are determined as follow correlation coefficients, which are more than 0.991, and the recovery for each analyte ranges of 20.9%-121% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) between 2.0% and 19.8%. The experimental process involved the reaction of 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride hydrate(cas: 86393-32-0).Application of 86393-32-0

The Article related to pork drug residue hplc isotope dilution mass spectrometry, Food and Feed Chemistry: Analysis and other aspects.Application of 86393-32-0

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Dias, Liliana et al. published their research in Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences in 2022 |CAS: 1428327-31-4

The Article related to amyloid beta adenosine a2a receptor p2y1 p2x7 calcium astrocyte, adenosine a2a receptors, alzheimer’s disease, astrocyte, ca2+ dynamics, p2 receptors, Mammalian Hormones: Neurotransmitters and other aspects.Related Products of 1428327-31-4

On August 31, 2022, Dias, Liliana; Madeira, Daniela; Dias, Rafael; Tome, Angelo R.; Cunha, Rodrigo A.; Agostinho, Paula published an article.Related Products of 1428327-31-4 The title of the article was Aβ1-42 peptides blunt the adenosine A2A receptor-mediated control of the interplay between P2X7 and P2Y1 receptors mediated calcium responses in astrocytes. And the article contained the following:

The contribution of astrocytes to Alzheimer disease (AD) is still ill defined. AD involves an abnormal accumulation of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) and increased production of danger signals such as ATP. ATP can direct or indirectly, through its metabolism into adenosine, trigger adaptive astrocytic responses resulting from intracellular Ca2+ oscillations. AD also triggers an upregulation of astrocytic adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR), which blockade prevents memory dysfunction in AD. We now investigated how Aβ peptides affect ATP-mediated Ca2+ responses in astrocytes measured by fluorescence live-cell imaging and whether A2AR control astrocytic Ca2+ responses mediated by ATP receptors, mainly P2X7R and P2Y1R. In primary cultures of rat astrocytes exposed to Aβ1-42, ATP-evoked Ca2+ responses had a lower amplitude but a longer duration than in control astrocytes and involved P2X7R and P2Y1R, the former potentiating the later. Moreover, Aβ1-42 exposure increased protein levels of P2Y1R in astrocytes. A2AR antagonism with SCH58261 controlled in a protein kinase A-dependent manner both P2X7R- and P2Y1R-mediated Ca2+ responses in astrocytes. The interplay between these purinoceptors in astrocytes was blunted upon exposure to Aβ1-42. These findings uncover the ability of A2AR to regulate the inter-twinned P2X7R- and P2Y1R-mediated Ca2+ dynamics in astrocytes, which is disrupted in conditions of early AD. The experimental process involved the reaction of N-((4-(4-Phenylpiperazin-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl)-2-(phenylthio)nicotinamide(cas: 1428327-31-4).Related Products of 1428327-31-4

The Article related to amyloid beta adenosine a2a receptor p2y1 p2x7 calcium astrocyte, adenosine a2a receptors, alzheimer’s disease, astrocyte, ca2+ dynamics, p2 receptors, Mammalian Hormones: Neurotransmitters and other aspects.Related Products of 1428327-31-4

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Tao, Yun-Feng et al. published their research in New Journal of Chemistry in 2021 |CAS: 86393-32-0

The Article related to cochineal quinone carbon dot keto enol tautomerism, intermol photoinduced cross redox interaction tetracycline, Organic Analytical Chemistry: Apparatus and other aspects.Safety of 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride hydrate

Tao, Yun-Feng; He, Yu-Juan; Ye, Jin-Zhi; Yang, Xiao; Yang, Ying-Ying; Xie, Ge-Ge; Liu, Lan-Xiang; Du, Guan-Ben; Zhang, Hong; Zhou, Bei published an article in 2021, the title of the article was Cochineal quinone carbon dot synthesis via a keto-enol tautomerism strategy and their intermolecular photo-induced cross-redox interactions with tetracycline.Safety of 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride hydrate And the article contains the following content:

Natural product-originated carbon dots represent a charming and valuable platform for bio-fluorescence probes; however, the application scope of these probes is seriously restricted, due to the indistinct mol. structures of these bio-probes and the inaccurate interactions between the probe and detected guest mol. Herein, a novel strategy of keto-enol tautomerism-mediated quinone aromatization was achieved for Cochineal bio-based quinone carbon dot synthesis. Then, a photo-induced intermol. cross-redox reaction was accomplished with tetracycline for quinone carbon dot mol. transformation and fluorescence change. This work represents a pioneer for intermol. interaction simulation and bonding energy evaluation of carbon dots for trace organics detection. The experimental process involved the reaction of 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride hydrate(cas: 86393-32-0).Safety of 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride hydrate

The Article related to cochineal quinone carbon dot keto enol tautomerism, intermol photoinduced cross redox interaction tetracycline, Organic Analytical Chemistry: Apparatus and other aspects.Safety of 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride hydrate

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Kamata, Ryo et al. published their research in Toxicology In Vitro in 2018 |CAS: 67914-60-7

The Article related to xenobiotic constitutive androstane receptor, alkyl phenol, bisphenol, constitutive androstane receptor, organochlorine, recombinant yeast, styrene dimer, Toxicology: Methods (Including Analysis) and other aspects.HPLC of Formula: 67914-60-7

On February 28, 2018, Kamata, Ryo; Nakajima, Daisuke; Shiraishi, Fujio published an article.HPLC of Formula: 67914-60-7 The title of the article was Agonistic effects of diverse xenobiotics on the constitutive androstane receptor as detected in a recombinant yeast-cell assay. And the article contained the following:

The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is a nuclear receptor and transcription factor regulating proteins involved in xenobiotic metabolism Agonist activation of the CAR can trigger metabolic activation and toxification as well as detoxification and clearance; accordingly, xenobiotic substances acting as CAR ligands may pose a threat to human and animal health. The authors used yeast cells transduced with the human CAR and the response pathway to measure the CAR-agonistic activities of 549 synthetic or natural compounds: 216 of the tested compounds exhibited CAR-agonistic effects. Eighty-four percent of CAR-activating compounds were aromatic compounds, and >65% of these active compounds were aromatic hydrocarbons, bisphenols, monoalkyl phenols, phthalates, styrene dimers, di-Ph ethers, organochlorines, and organophosphates. The ten most potent compounds were 4-tert-octylphenol (4tOP; reference substance), 4-nonylphenol, diethylstilbestrol, benzyl Bu phthalate, 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4,4-trimethylchroman, o,p’-DDT, methoxychlor, di-Pr phthalate, hexestrol, and octachlorostyrene. The activities of these nine non-reference compounds exceeded 10% of the 4tOP activity. Anal. of para-monoalkyl phenols suggests that branching of the alkyl group and chlorination at the ortho position raises potency. This study provides critical information for identifying the potential of CAR-mediated toxic hazards and for understanding the relevant mechanism. The experimental process involved the reaction of 1-(4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone(cas: 67914-60-7).HPLC of Formula: 67914-60-7

The Article related to xenobiotic constitutive androstane receptor, alkyl phenol, bisphenol, constitutive androstane receptor, organochlorine, recombinant yeast, styrene dimer, Toxicology: Methods (Including Analysis) and other aspects.HPLC of Formula: 67914-60-7

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Schiffer, Charles A. et al. published their research in Blood in 2021 |CAS: 380843-75-4

The Article related to asciminib bosutinib anticancer agent chronic myelogenous leukemia, Placeholder for records without volume info and other aspects.Recommanded Product: 4-((2,4-Dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy)quinoline-3-carbonitrile

On November 25, 2021, Schiffer, Charles A. published an article.Recommanded Product: 4-((2,4-Dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy)quinoline-3-carbonitrile The title of the article was Asciminib for CML: same target, new arrow. And the article contained the following:

The outlook for patients with chronic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) has improved dramatically since the development in the late 1990s of oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting the ATP binding site of the BCR-ABL1 oncoprotein. Here, the authors address the management of patients in chronic phase previously treated with ≥ 2 TKIs in a randomized trial comparing asciminib and bosutinib, which is approved for use in this patient population. Ascinimib (previously known as ABL001) is a small mol. which binds to the myristoyl pocket located at a different site on the BCR-ABL1 protein, producing a conformational change that inhibits downstream signaling. The experimental process involved the reaction of 4-((2,4-Dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy)quinoline-3-carbonitrile(cas: 380843-75-4).Recommanded Product: 4-((2,4-Dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy)quinoline-3-carbonitrile

The Article related to asciminib bosutinib anticancer agent chronic myelogenous leukemia, Placeholder for records without volume info and other aspects.Recommanded Product: 4-((2,4-Dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy)quinoline-3-carbonitrile

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Dong, Kui et al. published their research in Organic Letters |CAS: 67914-60-7

The Article related to neolignan heterodimer preparation oxidative radical cross coupling, Placeholder for records without volume info and other aspects.Safety of 1-(4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone

Dong, Kui; Zhao, Chuang-Yuan; Wang, Xiao-Ju; Wu, Li-Zhu; Liu, Qiang published an article in , the title of the article was Bioinspired Selective Synthesis of Heterodimer 8-5′ or 8-O-4′ Neolignan Analogs.Safety of 1-(4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone And the article contains the following content:

The bioinspired synthesis of heterodimer neolignan analogs is reported by single-electron oxidation of both alkenyl phenols and phenols individually, followed by a combination of the resultant radicals. This oxidative radical cross-coupling strategy can afford heterodimer 8-5′ or 8-O-4′ neolignan analogs selectively with the use of air as the terminal oxidant and copper acetate as the catalyst at room temperature The experimental process involved the reaction of 1-(4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone(cas: 67914-60-7).Safety of 1-(4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone

The Article related to neolignan heterodimer preparation oxidative radical cross coupling, Placeholder for records without volume info and other aspects.Safety of 1-(4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanone

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Temps, Carolin et al. published their research in Cancer Research in 2021 |CAS: 380843-75-4

The Article related to breast cancer src conformation lymphocyte ecf506 antiproliferative, Placeholder for records without volume info and other aspects.Application of 380843-75-4

On November 1, 2021, Temps, Carolin; Lietha, Daniel; Webb, Emily R.; Li, Xue-Feng; Dawson, John C.; Muir, Morwenna; Macleod, Kenneth G.; Valero, Teresa; Munro, Alison F.; Contreras-Montoya, Rafael; Luque-Ortega, Juan R.; Fraser, Craig; Beetham, Henry; Schoenherr, Christina; Lopalco, Maria; Arends, Mark J.; Frame, Margaret C.; Qian, Bin-Zhi; Brunton, Valerie G.; Carragher, Neil O.; Unciti-Broceta, Asier published an article.Application of 380843-75-4 The title of the article was A conformation selective mode of inhibiting SRC improves drug efficacy and tolerability. And the article contained the following:

Despite the approval of several multikinase inhibitors that target SRC and the overwhelming evidence of the role of SRC in the progression and resistance mechanisms of many solid malignancies, inhibition of its kinase activity has thus far failed to improve patient outcomes. Here we report the small mol. eCF506 locks SRC in its native inactive conformation, thereby inhibiting both enzymic and scaffolding functions that prevent phosphorylation and complex formation with its partner FAK. This mechanism of action resulted in highly potent and selective pathway inhibition in culture and in vivo. Treatment with eCF506 resulted in increased antitumor efficacy and tolerability in syngeneic murine cancer models, demonstrating significant therapeutic advantages over existing SRC/ABL inhibitors. Therefore, this mode of inhibiting SRC could lead to improved treatment of SRC-associated disorders. The experimental process involved the reaction of 4-((2,4-Dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy)quinoline-3-carbonitrile(cas: 380843-75-4).Application of 380843-75-4

The Article related to breast cancer src conformation lymphocyte ecf506 antiproliferative, Placeholder for records without volume info and other aspects.Application of 380843-75-4

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Kim, Jeong Hyeon et al. published their patent in 2020 |CAS: 86393-32-0

The Article related to infectious disease drug screening pluripotent stem cell macrophage, Placeholder for records without volume info and other aspects.Category: piperazines

On May 15, 2020, Kim, Jeong Hyeon; Han, Hyo Won; Han, Hyeong Jun published a patent.Category: piperazines The title of the patent was Infectious disease-treating drug screening method based on pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages. And the patent contained the following:

The infectious disease-treating or preventing drug screening method uses pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages (eMAC) with more similar gene expression with macrophages (hMDM) in human blood as compared with existing mouse-derived cell line (Raw264.7) and human-derived macrophage cell line (ThP-1) used for screening tuberculostatic drug. The screening method has an excellent screening effect when compared with the conventional screening methods. A tuberculostatic drug screening method that can be useful for new drug development and quality control of existing tuberculostatic drugs is provided. The experimental process involved the reaction of 1-Cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid hydrochloride hydrate(cas: 86393-32-0).Category: piperazines

The Article related to infectious disease drug screening pluripotent stem cell macrophage, Placeholder for records without volume info and other aspects.Category: piperazines

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Hochhaus, A. et al. published their research in Leukemia in 2020 |CAS: 380843-75-4

The Article related to review imatinib dasatinib anticancer agent chronic myeloid leukemia, Placeholder for records without volume info and other aspects.Name: 4-((2,4-Dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy)quinoline-3-carbonitrile

On April 30, 2020, Hochhaus, A.; Baccarani, M.; Silver, R. T.; Schiffer, C.; Apperley, J. F.; Cervantes, F.; Clark, R. E.; Cortes, J. E.; Deininger, M. W.; Guilhot, F.; Hjorth-Hansen, H.; Hughes, T. P.; Janssen, J. J. W. M.; Kantarjian, H. M.; Kim, D. W.; Larson, R. A.; Lipton, J. H.; Mahon, F. X.; Mayer, J.; Nicolini, F.; Niederwieser, D.; Pane, F.; Radich, J. P.; Rea, D.; Richter, J.; Rosti, G.; Rousselot, P.; Saglio, G.; Saussele, S.; Soverini, S.; Steegmann, J. L.; Turkina, A.; Zaritskey, A.; Hehlmann, R. published an article.Name: 4-((2,4-Dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy)quinoline-3-carbonitrile The title of the article was European LeukemiaNet 2020 recommendations for treating chronic myeloid leukemia. And the article contained the following:

A review. Abstract: The therapeutic landscape of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has profoundly changed over the past 7 years. Most patients with chronic phase (CP) now have a normal life expectancy. Another goal is achieving a stable deep mol. response (DMR) and discontinuing medication for treatment-free remission (TFR). The European LeukemiaNet convened an expert panel to critically evaluate and update the evidence to achieve these goals since its previous recommendations. First-line treatment is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI; imatinib brand or generic, dasatinib, nilotinib, and bosutinib are available first-line). Generic imatinib is the cost-effective initial treatment in CP. Various contraindications and side-effects of all TKIs should be considered. Patient risk status at diagnosis should be assessed with the new EUTOS long-term survival (ELTS)-score. Monitoring of response should be done by quant. polymerase chain reaction whenever possible. A change of treatment is recommended when intolerance cannot be ameliorated or when mol. milestones are not reached. Greater than 10% BCR-ABL1 at 3 mo indicates treatment failure when confirmed. Allogeneic transplantation continues to be a therapeutic option particularly for advanced phase CML. TKI treatment should be withheld during pregnancy. Treatment discontinuation may be considered in patients with durable DMR with the goal of achieving TFR. The experimental process involved the reaction of 4-((2,4-Dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy)quinoline-3-carbonitrile(cas: 380843-75-4).Name: 4-((2,4-Dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy)quinoline-3-carbonitrile

The Article related to review imatinib dasatinib anticancer agent chronic myeloid leukemia, Placeholder for records without volume info and other aspects.Name: 4-((2,4-Dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy)quinoline-3-carbonitrile

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Jabbour, Elias et al. published their research in American Journal of Hematology in 2020 |CAS: 380843-75-4

The Article related to review imatinib dasatinib anticancer agent chronic myeloid leukemia, Placeholder for records without volume info and other aspects.Reference of 4-((2,4-Dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy)quinoline-3-carbonitrile

Jabbour, Elias; Kantarjian, Hagop published an article in 2020, the title of the article was Chronic myeloid leukemia: 2020 update on diagnosis, therapy and monitoring.Reference of 4-((2,4-Dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy)quinoline-3-carbonitrile And the article contains the following content:

A review. Disease overview : Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm with an incidence of 1-2 cases per 100 000 adults. It accounts for approx. 15% of newly diagnosed cases of leukemia in adults. Diagnosis : CML is characterized by a balanced genetic translocation, t(9;22)(q34;q11.2), involving a fusion of the Abelson gene (ABL1) from chromosome 9q34 with the breakpoint cluster region (BCR) gene on chromosome 22q11.2. This rearrangement is known as the Philadelphia chromosome. The mol. consequence of this translocation is the generation of a BCR-ABL1 fusion oncogene, which in turn translates into a BCR-ABL oncoprotein. Frontline therapy : Four tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), imatinib, nilotinib, dasatinib, and bosutinib are approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for first-line treatment of newly diagnosed CML in chronic phase (CML-CP). Clin. trials with second generation TKIs reported significantly deeper and faster responses, but they had no impact on survival prolongation, likely because of the existence of highly effective salvage therapies for patients who have a cytogenetic relapse with frontline TKI. Salvage Therapy : For CML post failure on frontline therapy, second-line options include second and third generation TKIs. Although potent and selective, these exhibit unique pharmacol. profiles and response patterns relative to different patient and disease characteristics, such as patients′ comorbidities, disease stage, and BCR-ABL1 mutational status. Patients who develop the T315I “gatekeeper” mutation display resistance to all currently available TKIs except ponatinib. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation remains an important therapeutic option for patients with CML-CP who have failed at least 2 TKIs, and for all patients in advanced phase disease. Even among older patients who have a cytogenetic relapse post failure on all TKIs, they can maintain long-term survival if they continue on a daily most effective/less toxic TKI, with or without the addition of non-TKI anti-CML agents (hydroxyurea, omacetaxine, azacitidine, decitabine, cytarabine, busulfan, others). The experimental process involved the reaction of 4-((2,4-Dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy)quinoline-3-carbonitrile(cas: 380843-75-4).Reference of 4-((2,4-Dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy)quinoline-3-carbonitrile

The Article related to review imatinib dasatinib anticancer agent chronic myeloid leukemia, Placeholder for records without volume info and other aspects.Reference of 4-((2,4-Dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy)quinoline-3-carbonitrile

Referemce:
Piperazine – Wikipedia,
Piperazines – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics